The philosophy of probation has changed over the past...

The philosophy of probation has changed over the past several years. Originally, probation officers were considered social worker, able to focus on the individual offender, rather than statutory schemes of the legal system. This ideology aligned with the indeterminate sentencing structure that acknowledged individualization of the offender. However, today probation officers have been coined â€Å"the guardian of the guidelines† (Bunzel, 1995, para 2). Under this new philosophy, probation is a facilitator of the net-widening scheme that addresses governments’ main concerns of correctional facility overcrowding and high expenditures. The offender and the utilitarian motive fall second to the goals of net widening scheme. This has made the†¦show more content†¦However, with crime rates increasing aligning with the Martinson’s â€Å"nothing works doctrine,† the ideas of forced rehabilitation, and noted sentencing disparity created the judicial f orm of sentencing. The public’s trust was lost in the justice system. New sentencing practices were urged. This marked the birth of determinate sentences. The legislative form of sentencing removed judges discretions over offenders individualized needs and created a uniformed approach to crime. The use of presumptive sentences and mandatory sentences that set a â€Å"fixed† term of incarceration or punishment replaced the use of indeterminate sentencing practices. The certainty of punishment was to work to deter and prevent crime. With the increase of drug crimes and drug use during the 1980s, sentencing policies enacted harsher penalties for crime, especially drug related offenses and crimes. If certainty of punishment did not deter crime, then severity of punish would at least work to control crime. â€Å"Nearly every state and the federal government enacted much harsher mandatory minimum sentence laws in the 1980s for drug, violent, and sexual offences a nd for chronic or career offender† (Tonry, 2013, p 468). The war on drugs quickly became a war against criminals. Correctional facilities populace and expenditures reach tipping points, opening correctional facilities up to expensive, lengthy ligation process, and operational consequencesShow MoreRelatedEssay on History of Corrections1749 Words   |  7 Pageswas back in 1682; the â€Å"Great Law† was based on humane principals and also focused on hard labor as a punishment. The corrections system really began to take hold in North America in the late 1700’s with the idea’s and philosophy of Beccaria, Bentham, and Howard. 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But what choices are available concerning structure and culture? What is culture? How is it created? How can it be changed? After reading and understanding the contents of the chapter, considering some of the Case Examples and Test Your Knowledge questions, you should be able to: â… ¢ â… ¢ â… ¢ â… ¢ â… ¢ Understand the significance of organisational structure. DescribeRead MoreSams Club and Costco Wholesale Corporation11550 Words   |  47 Pagesretail segment. Arthur A. Thompson Jr. The University of Alabama J im Sinegal, cofounder and CEO of Costco Wholesale, was the driving force behind Costco’s 23-year march to become the fourth largest retailer in the United States and the seventh largest in the world. He was far from the stereotypical CEO. 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Mozart s Mozart, One Of Europe s Leading Musical Teachers

Mozart was born in Salzburg in modern-day Austria, but at the time was the capital of a small independent Archbishopric within the Holy Roman Empire. He was baptized on the day after his birth at St. Rupert s Cathedral as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart. Mozart s name changed considerably during his lifetime. Mozart s musical ability started to become apparent when he was a toddler. Mozart was a musician that was skilled of playing several instruments who started playing in public at a young age. He was the son of Leopold Mozart Anna Maria Mozart, one of Europe s leading musical teachers, who influential textbook Versuch einer grà ¼ndlichen Violinschule that was published in 1756, the same year as Mozart s birth. Mozart received intensive musical training from his father, including instruction in both the piano and violin in his early age. At a young age he mastered keyboard and violin and amused social leaders including royalty throughout Europe. He was married and had six children but only two survived infancy. He was brought up in a roman catholic and remained there throughout his life. His greatest works religious in nature like: â€Å"Ave Verum Corpus†. Mozart was very productive until his time of death at the age of 35. Mozart became ill and his death was very difficult topics by the Roman legends. His final year indicated that he was in good cheer and his death was a shock to his family and friends. Teaching held the potential for a well-paidShow MoreRelated Mozart Essay examples2056 Words   |  9 Pageswell as vocal religious music also appeared during this time†(Ferris, 231). One of the best composer of this time was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In this paper I will go through his childhood, his friends and family, and of course his music. Enjoy!!! Child of the Enlightenment The world that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart entered ceremoniously in 1756 was brimming in change. Historians refer to this era as the Age of Enlightenment, one of unparalleled scientific, philosophical, and political ferment. Within Mozart’sRead MoreKey Signature and Beethoven9252 Words   |  38 PagesOutline Title: Life and Works of Ludwig van Beethoven and His Achievements Thesis Statement: Beethoven is one of the greatest composer in the history of music. He played a big role in the world of music. He was the one who initiated among his co-composers the freedom to express themselves. Some of his masterpieces were Eroica Pastorale, Fideleo and the religious composition entitled Missa Solemnis. I. Introduction II. The Man and His Music A.Read MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 Pageslook at more good art. In particular by familiarizing oneself with works of master artists. Over time, you will be able to assess for yourself what is good art and what is bad. It is also a good idea to receive formal instruction from a trained art teacher to cut short the learning curve. Ultimately, the key is to build a database of artistic knowledge and awareness for personal understanding. SOURCE: Basa, R., and Garcia F. (2008). Basic Elements of Humanities. Censen Books and Research CenterRead MoreThe Ballad of the Sad Cafe46714 Words   |  187 PagesThe Ballad of the Sad Cafà © and Other Stories by Carson McCullers Back Cover: When she was only twenty-three her first novel, The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter, created a literary sensation. She is very special, one of America s superlative writers who conjures up a vision of existence as terrible as it is real, who takes us on shattering voyages into the depths of the spiritual isolation that underlies the human condition. A grotesque human triangle in a primitive Southern town. . . A youngRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pageslife-and-death issues that are certain to be the major challenges of tomorrow. CERTAIN? Yes. For this is not a book of PREDICTIONS, not a book about the FUTURE. The challenges and issues discussed in it are already with us in every one of the developed countries and in most of the emerging ones (e.g., Korea or Turkey). They can already be identified, discussed, analyzed and prescribed for. Some people, someplace, are already working on them. But so far very few organizations do, and very few executives. ThoseRead MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesin many cases, unaware of the identity of their fellow members in the inner cabinet. They govern us by their qualities of natural leadership, their ability to supply needed ideas and by their key position in the social structure. Whatever attitude one chooses t o take toward this condition, it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are 9 Propaganda dominated by the relatively

Rivers in Nepal Free Essays

Nepal is rich in water resource. There are many small and big rivers. These are the natural gifts for Nepal. We will write a custom essay sample on Rivers in Nepal or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is proved by the fact that Nepal is the second richest country in the world after Brazil in water resource. Most rivers in Nepal originate from the snow clad mountains. Among these rivers in Nepal Koshi, Gandaki, Narayani and Karnali are some of the biggest rivers which flow from the Himalayas all through the year. Koshi is considered as the largest and Karnali is considered as the longest rivers in Nepal. Similarly, there are other rivers such as Bagmati, Bheri, Rapti, Kamala, Seti, Marshyangdi, etc. And many zones of Nepal are named after these rivers. Rivers are known as the white gold in Nepal. Rivers have been used to generate hydroelectricity. For example, Sunkoshi, Marshyangdi and Trishuli are some of the leading hydroelectricity projects in Nepal. Since Nepal is an agricultural country, the multi purpose river projects have eased the farmers in the terai and some hilly regions in irrigation and having multiple farming. Besides, these projects also have helped in the supply of drinking water in many parts of Nepal. Some of the big rivers like Narayani and Kali Gandaki have also provided a good navigation service to facilitate the villagers and the tourists. Another important use of rivers in Nepal is the most famous rafting sport. Mostly Bhote Koshi, Karnali and Trishuli are well known for rafting. They are helping Nepal to earn a substantial foreign currency which adds to the lion’s share of the national economy. It is therefore essential for Nepal to value and exploit the potential of these rivers in a sustainable manner. There is no denying the fact that Nepal can sell its electricity to its gigantic neighbours–India and China thereby adding a huge foreign currency into the pocket of its budget. The future of Nepal can be brightened if water resource is utilized well. Suggestions: In this question, our topic has two major words at the focus. They are Rivers and Nepal; therefore we have to show the relationship in between them. Understand the topic well first. On many occasions, students deal with only one part of the topic which makes them deviate from the content thereby resulting in poor performance in tests and exams. Pay more attention on writing the introducing and the concluding paragraphs. Make these two paragraphs short and specific. Do not end your essay with any negative aspect of the topic. Always end with a positive note and emphasis. Use connectives wherever necessary, but do not overuse them. Use them most importantly for connecting one paragraph with the other. How to cite Rivers in Nepal, Papers

Equality Diversity Inclusion free essay sample

Diversity Diversity means to have a variety of people from all minority groups represented in the community or setting. It is understanding and valuing the differences between the individuals and groups in the community and respecting their needs. Therefore, diversity is the ability to recognize how to relate to those who are different groups from our own. These include race, class, gender, physical abilities, and sex orientation in addition to religion, educational background, geographical location, family income, and parent status (Ladson-Billing, 2001; LAS definition of diversity, 2004). Inclusion Inclusion is being a part of what everyone is, being welcomed and embraced as a member who belongs. In other words, to make others feel included. Inclusion is supporting and educating children with learning difficulties and disabilities in classrooms with children without these problems. It allows students with learning difficulties and disabilities to be educated in age-appropriate classes in their home schools along with their friends and neighbours. Whilst receiving specially designed instruction and support through individual education programs (IEPs) within the context of the core curriculum and general class activities. Inclusion is an effort to make sure they achieve high standards and succeed as learners. Inclusion gives the child or young person * an equal chance to learn and develop * participate equally in activities * the opportunity to communicate in their preferred format * the right to have their individual needs known and met * the feeling of safety and valued as an individual strength and confidence about their identity. 1. 2 Describe the potential effects of discrimination. What is discrimination? When a person is treated less well, in comparison with someone else, because of his or her racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age, sexual orientation, , gender, educational background, geographical location, family income, and parent status. Discrimination can also be based on simple hatred either b ecause of personal experience or simple stereotyping. Direct discrimination is where you are treated less favourably because of your disability than someone without a disability would be treated in the same circumstances. Indirect discrimination is where there is a rule, policy or practice which seems to apply equally to everyone, but which actually puts disabled people at an unfair disadvantage compared with people who arent disabled. Effects of discrimination: Discrimination can affect the individual, their family, the perpetrators and the whole class or school or community. The Individual: A child or young person when treated with discrimination in a educational or community setting faces many emotional and social difficulties in life. For example: Anti-social behaviour or violence towards others or themselves. Low self-esteem so this can result in withdrawal from activities. Lack of confidence and lack of interest to avoid feeling embarrassed or discriminated against. Feeling neglected and scared thus not socialising and avoiding friendship and relationships. Losing their identity and feeling inferior to their friends or class mates. Bullying either they can be a victim or can do it to others to make them feel better. Racial remarks, slurs, being called insulting names and being the target of hurtful jokes can scar the child or young person and can cause all of the above. These outcomes from discrimination might have long term effects on the child’s social, emotional and educational growth. The Family: Discrimination can affect the family socially, emotionally and financially if they are not supported by the school or setting the child is in. Emotionally and socially parents become defensive against any negative reaction to their child and are over protective. This can result in them feeling isolated, alone and paranoid whenever they take their child into the public eye. Often parents become suspicious of anyone who asks any questions about their children. Financially they might not know what benefits they are entitled to so will not enquire. The Settings: Discrimination can make an educational or any setting a difficult place for the child or young person to live in. All settings must have policies in place to deal with all forms of discrimination. The school or setting must make the child and family who are the victims feel supported at all times. They should act quickly and professionally and deal with discrimination as per government guidelines. The Perpetrators: The effects on the perpetrators can be both positive and negative depending on the reason they discriminated. Mostly people discriminate because they don’t understand why that child or young person is different and can’t deal with the difference. If the perpetrator is a child or young person then they could be dealt with through the settings procedures e. . spoken to by a grown up, parents informed, detention, suspension or even exclusion depending on the level of discrimination. This could affect the emotional and social behavior and either make them have a positive or negative attitude towards the victim. 1. 3 Explain how inclusive practice promotes equality and supports diversity. Inclusive practice is allowing children or young people with learning difficulties or a disability to be a part of a setting which has children with no disabilities or difficulties. Equality Inclusion is important because it promotes equality and high achievement for all children, young people, families and the community. This is achieved: * By encouraging the development of more flexible attitudes, policies and everyday practices. * Talking and educating children, young people, their families and the community about all the other cultures around. Diversity The attitudes of young children towards diversity are affected by the behaviour of adults around and children and families using the setting but inclusion policies and practices allow them to be valued and welcomed. Inclusion helps to change attitudes and behaviour towards the diverse group of people in the community. * Inclusive settings support diversity by uniting, educating and allowing the community to integrate with each other so groups understand and respect individual needs be it religious, cultural, physical, mental etc. * Helping the children to see the differences in a positive way as interesting and enriching to all our lives, through play, educational visits and celebrating different festivals. It is very important to have inclusive practice in all children and young people’s settings.